{"id":7264,"date":"2023-10-08T09:49:45","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T07:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/the-german-spitz\/genetics-dna-wedding\/"},"modified":"2026-02-20T07:11:16","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T06:11:16","slug":"genetics-dna-wedding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/the-german-spitz\/genetics-dna-wedding\/","title":{"rendered":"Genetics – DNA – wedding"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Genetics \u2013 DNA \u2013 Colour Matches<\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d6231\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][vc_column_text]\u201d collection of an old engraving of Pomeranian champions in England 100 years ago, entitled \u201cPomeranians of the 20th<\/sup> century\u201d. They are labelled Haughty Winnie and Magpie in first place and Little Ladysmith, Arcadia Page of Kent, Ch Haughty Prince and Monmouth Ruffle in second place. Please note that they come exclusively in Dark, White, Chocolate and Partis\u201d:<\/p>\n

cantonpomeranians.com[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d5rem\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201d5662\u2033 img_size=\u201dlarge\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text el_id=\u201d#section-envideos\u201d]<\/p>\n

I \u2013 Understanding genetics<\/a><\/h2>\n

1 \u2013 What is DNA? a gene? a chromosome?<\/a><\/h3>\n

2 \u2013 The canine genome<\/a><\/h3>\n

<\/h2>\n

II \u2013 Dog DNA<\/a><\/h2>\n

1 \u2013 the genetics of colours explained in photos<\/a><\/h3>\n

2 \u2013 The different locus<\/a><\/h3>\n

3 \u2013 The marble colour<\/a><\/h3>\n

<\/h2>\n

III \u2013 Guidelines on colour matching<\/a><\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

IV \u2013 Going further<\/a><\/h2>\n

1 \u2013 E-learning modules with the Centrale Canine<\/a><\/h3>\n

2 \u2013 Understanding the mechanism that governs heredity and genetic phenomena<\/a><\/h3>\n

<\/h2>\n

V \u2013 In videos<\/a><\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column][vc_column_text]In this new chapter, I will try to explain genetics to you, how a dog\u2019s colour is expressed through its DNA, and how the colour code is composed of loci.
\nLet\u2019s try to understand how this works.
\nWe will look at the possible and permitted matings in France, but also the matings that should be avoided.
\nWe will finish with a few videos to help you understand better.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d256\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_id=\u201dsection-comprendregenetique\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

I \u2013 Understanding genetics<\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The sum of a dog\u2019s genetic material can be seen as a cookbook divided into chapters containing recipes.<\/p>\n

These recipes are the dog\u2019s genes and the letters that make up each recipe are its DNA. Just as a recipe can be used to make a dish of food, a gene can be used to make a protein, a building block of a dog\u2019s body.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_id=\u201dsection-adngenechromosome\u201d][vc_column][vc_single_image image=\u201d6764\u2033 img_size=\u201dlarge\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 What is DNA?<\/h3>\n

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is found in all known living things and acts as a set of biological instructions. These instructions make each breed, species and dog (with the exception of identical siblings) unique. DNA is found in almost every cell in the body, with the exception of red blood cells, and tells a dog\u2019s body how to grow, develop, function and reproduce.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

How are the genetic instructions of a dog stored?<\/h3>\n

A dog\u2019s genetic instructions are stored as a type of code consisting of units called bases. There are four different bases in DNA and they are called adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T).<\/p>\n

Each base unit is linked to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule, thus forming a string of bases. Just as a sequence of letters can be used to form words and words to form sentences, the base sequences on the chain can also be used to produce the proteins that make up each organism. Proteins are the building blocks of every organism and make up bones, teeth, hair, muscles, etc.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

The structure of DNA<\/h3>\n

Two complementary chains of bases run parallel to each other and lock together to form a spiral staircase-like structure called a double helix. The bases of each of the two ropes come together to form the \u201csteps\u201d of the structure. Each base will only bind to a specific partner base, for example adenine always binds to thymine and cytosine always binds to guanine. This feature of DNA is particularly important when it comes to producing new cells with the same DNA, which is vital for growth, maintenance and repair. When cells divide, the double helix structure decompresses, releasing each of the two base chains to bind to another set of bases, producing two copies of the original DNA.<\/p>\n

The dog genome (the sum of its genetic material) contains 2.8 billion base pairs of DNA.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d6843\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d onclick=\u201dzoom\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

What is a gene?<\/h3>\n

A gene is a section of DNA that has specific instructions for making a particular molecule, usually a protein. Each dog has two copies of each gene, one inherited from its mother and the other from its father. These two genes may be identical or slightly different.<\/p>\n

These different versions of the same gene are called alleles. These different genes contribute to the unique physical characteristics of each dog and explain the differences between each dog and breed.<\/p>\n

There are about 19,000 protein-coding genes in the dog genome.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

What is the function of a gene?<\/h3>\n

The genome of a dog (the sum of its genetic material) can be seen as a cookbook divided into chapters containing recipes. These recipes are the dog\u2019s genes and the letters that make up each recipe are the DNA. Just as a recipe can be used to make a dish of food, a gene can be used to make a protein. Proteins are the building blocks of every organism and make up bones, teeth, hair, muscles, etc. Genes are therefore essential for the production of proteins that have an impact on the characteristics of a dog.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

What is the function of an allele?<\/h3>\n

Each dog has two copies of each gene, one inherited from its mother and one from its father. These two genes may be identical or slightly different. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles and can result in variations in the protein that is produced, or where, when and how much protein is produced. These differences in the way the protein is produced contribute to the unique physical characteristics of each dog and explain the differences between each dog and breed.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d6845\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d onclick=\u201dzoom\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

What is a chromosome?<\/h3>\n

Chromosomes are structures found inside the nucleus of a cell (the core of a cell) and are composed of DNA wrapped around proteins. The structure of a chromosome keeps DNA tightly packed and wound around spool-shaped proteins called histones. Without these structures, the DNA would be far too long to fit inside each cell. If unrolled and laid end to end, the DNA of a dog cell would be up to several feet long. For a dog to function, each cell must frequently divide and replace old cells with new ones. Chromosomes ensure that DNA is evenly distributed and accurately copied during cell division.<\/p>\n

Each cell in a dog\u2019s body contains 39 pairs of chromosomes.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]reference :thekennelclub-org-uk<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d6847\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_id=\u201dsection-genomecanin\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 The canine genome<\/h3>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]A dog\u2019s body contains billions of cells. <\/span>Most of these cells contain a nucleus. In dogs, 38 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) can be found in each nucleus, for a total of 76 chromosomes plus the two sex chromosomes (X and Y) for a grand total of 78. At conception, a dog obtains one copy of each chromosome from each parent. <\/span>Chromosomes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the \u201cmolecule of life\u201d.<\/p>\n

DNA is made up of small chemical building blocks called \u201cnucleotides\u201d or \u201cbases\u201d, which come in four types: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). All living organisms, including humans, use this four-letter code. The bases are paired in fixed units of adenine-thymine (AT) and guanine-cytosine (GC). Dogs have around three billion base pairs in each cell. Genes are defined by a unique sequence of nucleotides that can comprise as few as a hundred bases or as many as a million. The sequence of each gene is called its \u201ccode\u201d. For example, the code for one gene may lead to proteins that add colour to the hair shaft, the code for another gene produces enzymes to digest food and a third gene will direct the formation of antibodies that fight disease. For a given gene, the code is very precise;<\/p>\n

Each of the 78 chromosomes contains the codes for hundreds of genes. Genes code for the machinery needed to make proteins, which in turn make up the physical structure of the body. Proteins are necessary for all the body\u2019s key systems, such as the nervous system and the digestive system. Each gene has a specific code which is passed on from parent to offspring. <\/span>The term \u201ccanine genome\u201d refers to the entire sequence of the dog genome, including all the genes and intervening spaces. Genes can determine how your dog will develop, from the colour of its coat to its personality traits and, in some cases, the diseases to which your dog will be susceptible.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]reference :research-nhgri-nih-gov<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text]\"Adapted<\/p>\n

Adapted from
\nl\u2019image ADN du NHGRI Intramural Publication Support Office, images de chien avec l\u2019
\naimable autorisation de \u00a9 AKC\/Mary Bloom[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text]\"Adapted<\/p>\n

Adapted from l\u2019image de l\u2019ADN bleu du NHGRI Intramural Publication
\nSupport Office[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-adn\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

II \u2013 Dog DNA<\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

A dog\u2019s colour is expressed through its DNA.<\/h3>\n

On this DNA, a part codes for the colour of the dog, this part is composed of locus<\/span> :<\/p>\n

    \n
  • E Locus and B locus<\/span> which code for its basic colour<\/span> (black, brown, red, tan, etc.),<\/li>\n
  • D Locus<\/span> which codes for diluted colour<\/span> (blue, beige, sand, isabella,\u2026),<\/li>\n
  • K Locus<\/span> which codes for brindle<\/span> and allows the A locus to be expressed or not,<\/li>\n
  • A Locus<\/span> which codes for the charcoal and tanner<\/span>,<\/li>\n
  • Em Locus<\/span> which codes for the mask<\/span>,<\/li>\n
  • S Locus<\/span> which codes for white mottling<\/span>,<\/li>\n
  • M Locus<\/span> which codes for the marble<\/span> motif.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The interpretation of the colours differs from breed to breed. So don\u2019t be surprised if the \u201cname\u201d of the colours used does not quite match the one used in your dog breed. Genetically, it is about these colours.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    Different interactions between colour locus<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \"Dogs<\/div>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-genetique\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    1 -Colour genetics in dogs<\/h3>\n

    \"Message\" by Lou \u2013 jeu 28 nov 2013<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n
    \n
    \n

    Terms used<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Gene<\/strong><\/span>: segment of DNA located on the chromosomes. It determines the development of a phenotypic trait (i.e. visible in the animal).<\/p>\n

    Locus<\/strong><\/span> : location of the gene on the chromosome<\/p>\n

    Allele<\/strong><\/span> : version of the same gene, each dog has 2 alleles for each gene, each allele being inherited from one of its two parents.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Pigments<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    The coat of all existing dogs is coloured by just two types of pigment. Each has a default colour type, which can be modified by the action of several genes described below.<\/p>\n

    Eumelanin<\/span>: by default, this is the black pigment
    \nPheomelanin<\/span>: by default, this is the tawny pigment<\/p>\n

    The genes coding for coat colour in dogs determine both the colour of these two pigments and their distribution.<\/p>\n

    NB: When we talk about coat here, we\u2019re talking not only about the colour of the hair but also that of the nose, mucous membranes, eyes, etc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Transmission<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Assume an A locus with two alleles, A and a.<\/p>\n

    Each dog has two alleles, so it can be : AA, Aa (or aA) or aa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]Let\u2019s now try to find out the genotype (the distribution of alleles) of the puppies in a litter.<\/p>\n

    If the father and mother are AA: all puppies will be AA.
    \nIf the father and mother are aa: all puppies will be aa.
    \nIf the father is AA and the mother is Aa: 50% of the puppies will be AA and 50% will be Aa.
    \nIf the father is AA and the mother is aa: 100% of the puppies will be Aa.
    \nIf the father is Aa and the mother is Aa: 50% of the puppies will be Aa, 25% will be AA and 25% will be aa<\/p>\n

    By studying the colours of descendants, ascendants and collaterals, we can guess at least part of a dog\u2019s genotype.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Genes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    The genes that code for coat colour in dogs are named using capital letters.
    \nThere are three categories of genes: those that code for the base colour, those that code for colour intensity, and those that code for the distribution of white areas.
    \nNB: For each locus, the alleles will be presented from the most dominant to the most recessive.[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    Genes encoding the base colour<\/i><\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    A Locus (Agouti)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This series determines which cells produce eumelanin on the hair.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -Ay (yellow)<\/span><\/strong>: This allele codes for a fawn coat (ranging from red to sandy), with or without black hairs in the coat or black-tipped hairs.<\/p>\n

    Example : Akita Inu, Tervueren, Pug, \u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    aw (wolf)<\/span><\/strong> : is the \u201cwolf grey\u201d colour, which corresponds to hairs \u201cbandaged\u201d with eumelanin and pheomelanin.<\/p>\n

    Example : Siberian Husky, Czech Wolfdog, Grey German Shepherd,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -at (Tan Points)<\/strong><\/span> : A colour generally known as \u201cblack and tan\u201d or \u201ctricolour\u201d for certain breeds. The distribution of the \u201ctan\u201d, i.e. the \u201ctan\u201d marking, is well defined: lozenges above the eyes, the side of the muzzle coming down under the dog\u2019s head, two triangles on the front of the chest, on the bottom of the pasterns and on the inside of the limbs and under the tail.<\/p>\n

    Example : Rottweiler, Tricolour Brittany Spaniel, Tricolour Border Collie,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -a<\/span><\/strong>: The dog is totally black. This allele is fairly rare and only affects a few breeds. See the K locus for the colour \u201cdominant black\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Example : Black German Shepherd, Schipperke, Puli,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    B Locus (brown)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This is where the colour of the eumelanin, black or brown, is determined.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -B (black)<\/span><\/strong> : eumelanin retains its default colour, remaining black.<\/p>\n

    Example : Dobermann, Australian Shepherd, Newfoundland,\u2026<\/p>\n

    Note that a dog with a B allele will not necessarily be black, just the eumelanin will be. Other genes determine how eumelanin is present in the coat.<\/p>\n

    Other examples of dogs with at least one B allele: Fawn Labrador, Irish Setter, Whippet<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -b (brown)<\/span><\/strong> : the eumelanin produced is brown, all areas of the coat containing eumelanin are brown, including the coat, nose, mucous membranes, etc. The eyes are also lighter than in a dog with at least one B allele. The colour has many names: brown, chocolate, red, etc.<\/p>\n

    Example : Dobermann, Australian Shepherd, Newfoundland,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    E Locus (extension)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This series manages the presence or absence of masks, as well as the \u201crecessive fawn\u201d colour.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -Em<\/span><\/strong>: The dog has a mask, black or brown depending on the alleles in the B locus.<\/p>\n

    Example : German Shepherd Dog, American Akita, French Bulldog,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -E<\/span><\/strong>: normal extension, no mask. The other loci can place eumelanin on the dog\u2019s coat.<\/p>\n

    Example : Beauceron, Braque de Weimar, Parson Russell Terrier,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -e<\/span><\/strong>: \u201cRecessive fawn\u201d, eumelanin cannot be produced in the dog\u2019s coat regardless of the other alleles at the other loci. While the \u2018recessive fawn\u2019 is, as its name suggests, the most recessive allele in its series, it is dominant at the other loci. A recessive fawn dog cannot have even one black coat. The colour of its nose, mucous membranes, etc. will depend on the alleles of the B locus.<\/p>\n

    Example : Golden Retriever, Hungarian Braque, Clumber Spaniel,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    K Locus<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This series gives expression to the dominant black and brindle.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -Kb (black)<\/span><\/strong> : Responsible for the dominant black, the dog is entirely black.<\/p>\n

    Example : Flat Coated Retriever, Chow Chow, Dogue Allemand,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -Kbr (brindle)<\/span><\/strong> : Allows the expression of the brindle coat, i.e. the presence of bands of eumelanin on a background of pheomelanin.<\/p>\n

    Example: Dutch Shepherd, Cairn Terrier, Whippet,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -ky (yellow)<\/span><\/strong> : lets the alleles at locus A express themselves.<\/p>\n

    Example : Malinois, Lakeland Terrier, Barzo\u00ef,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    Genes coding for colour intensity<\/u><\/i><\/h3>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    D Locus (dilution)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -D<\/span><\/strong>: The pigments are not diluted<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -d<\/span><\/strong> : Eumelanin is diluted from black to blue\/grey and from brown to isabella\/lilac. Dilution also affects the nose and mucous membranes, and the eyes are generally clear. To a lesser extent, the d allele may also have a diluting effect on pheomelanin.<\/p>\n

    Example : Cane Corso, Braque de Weimar, Thai Ridgeback,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    M Locus (marble)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -M<\/span><\/strong>: When a dog has a single M allele, it is said to be a marble or a harlequin, depending on the breed. This colour is characterised by a random dilution of certain sections of the coat, a grey\/blue dilution when the base colour is black, for example. Only the eumelanin is affected by the marble.<\/p>\n

    Example : Border Collie, Beauceron, Welsh Corgi Cardigan, \u2026<\/p>\n

    Warning: a dog homozygous for this locus, i.e. carrying 2 M alleles, will be called double-marble, i.e. merles with invasive white. Lack of pigmentation generally affects the eyes, nose and mucous membranes. Scientific studies have shown that double-marble dogs are highly susceptible to deafness and blindness. To prevent the production of such dogs, mating between blackbirds should not be allowed. (Note: no longer authorised since 2017).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -m<\/span><\/strong> : The dog is not marble.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"ThePurf9dNZUJo4TS4a-ogn0UjQuKMiBgvvqJSmPTORUWs=w288-h220-p-no\u201d>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    Locus H (harlequin)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This recently discovered series is unique in that it only applies to dogs carrying at least one marble allele.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -H<\/span><\/strong>: the dog is said to be a \u201charlequin\u201d (note that this colour does not correspond to that of the Beauceron or Dachshund), meaning that the areas diluted by the action of the marble gene are transformed entirely into white. As in the case of the marble gene, only one H allele is needed for a dog to be a harlequin.<\/p>\n

    Mating between two Harlequin dogs is forbidden by the FCI, as they are necessarily merles and could produce double marble (see above for this colour). Only the Great Dane seems to be affected by this gene.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    G Locus (progressive greying)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This locus has not yet been identified by scientists on the dog\u2019s chromosomes. It therefore consists of a supposition based on observations.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -G<\/span><\/strong> : The colour of a dog\u2019s coat changes throughout its life. If its basic colour is black, it is born black and then becomes grey\/white over time.<\/p>\n

    Examples : Bearded Collie, Poodle, Tibetan Terrier,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -g<\/span><\/strong> : No progressive grey.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    S Locus (spotting)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -S<\/span><\/strong>: The dog has no white markings. In most breeds, a puppy is born with a white spot on one end, most often on the chest, tail or tip of the legs. This phenomenon is not linked to the action of any particular allele, but rather to the order in which the pigments migrate, ending at the extremities. Delayed development could therefore cause these white spots.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -sp (piebald)<\/span><\/strong>: The dog is white and has coloured spots (determined according to the other loci), more or less numerous and more or less extensive.<\/p>\n

    Example : Pointer, Jack Russell Terrier, English Springer Spaniel,\u2026<\/p>\n

    These two alleles are the only ones to have been identified by DNA testing by scientists. The following are alleles that scientists assume exist but have yet to identify.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -sw (extreme white)<\/span><\/strong>: The dog is almost entirely white with a few spots of colour.<\/p>\n

    Example : Bull Terrier, Epagneul Nain Continental Phal\u00e8ne, Greyhound,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -si (irish spotting)<\/span><\/strong>: The white is distributed on the dog\u2019s lower legs, chest, neck (above and below, forming a \u201ccollar\u201d) and muzzle, as well as the tip of the tail.<\/p>\n

    Example : Border Collie, Boston terrier, Basenji,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    Genes coding for the distribution of white zones<\/u><\/i><\/h3>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    T Locus (ticking)<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    This locus has not yet been identified by scientists on the dog\u2019s chromosomes. It therefore consists of a supposition based on observations.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -T<\/span><\/strong>: Ticking corresponds to coloured spots on white areas. It can therefore only be expressed if the dog has white zones, managed by the S locus.<\/p>\n

    Example : Border Collie, Braque Fran\u00e7ais, Cocker Spaniel,\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    -tr (roan)<\/span><\/strong>: The term roan can be translated as speckled. The speckles here correspond to very small traces of colour on white areas. At birth, the areas concerned are almost entirely white, with the mottled character appearing later.<\/p>\n

    Example : Australian Cattle Dog, Basset Bleu de Gascogne, German Pointer,\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\"La[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Text by Lou, written in 2013 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u201cI have included all the loci identified by the scientists or for which they have strong presumptions.<\/p>\n

    There are still a number of loci that are mentioned all over the place but which have never been identified. In particular, these locus concern the dilution of pheomelanin, from a simple dilution (Tervueren \u201cgrey\u201d) to an extreme dilution, which some attribute to the White Shepherd or the Samoyed, for example. This is known as the I and C locus.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]Many thanks for your fabulous work![\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_btn title=\u201dgenetic by Lou\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-dog\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum-chien.com%2Ft47719-la-genetique-des-couleurs-chez-le-chien|title:g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique-Lou|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-locus\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    2 \u2013 Les diff\u00e9rents Locus<\/h3>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner content_placement=\u201dtop\u201d][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    E locus :<\/h3>\n

    There are two forms of the gene at the E locus: the e gene and the E gene. The e gene codes for the so-called fawn colour and the E gene codes for the B locus.<\/p>\n

    Possible results:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • e\/e:<\/strong>The basic colour of the dog is fawn (Labrador called Fauve, English Setter called Lemon, \u2026<\/li>\n
    • E\/e et E\/E<\/strong>: It is up to the B locus to decide on the base colour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      The E gene is dominant over the e gene. Indeed, when a dog is E\/e then it is the E gene that dominates and rules. The E gene is called dominant and the e gene is called recessive.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • A dog passes on 50% of its DNA to its puppies.<\/li>\n
      • An e\/e<\/strong> dog only passes on the e gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n
      • An E\/e<\/strong> dog will therefore pass on the E gene or the e gene to its puppies. Fawn-carrying dog (e).<\/li>\n
      • An E\/E<\/strong> dog only passes on the E gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        A puppy has two genes: one from the mother and one from the father. By knowing the locus of the parents, we can get an idea of the locus of the puppies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

        [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

        B locus:<\/h3>\n

        Note: The B locus is only expressed if the results of the E locus are E\/E or E\/e. The B locus is not expressed if the E locus is e\/e.<\/p>\n

        There are two forms of the gene at the B locus: the b gene and the B gene. The b gene codes for the colour brown and the B gene codes for the colour black.<\/p>\n

        Possible results (with E\/W or E\/e):<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • E\/E b\/b or E\/e b\/b Basic colour brown, Chocolate,\u2026<\/li>\n
        • E\/E B\/b or E\/e B\/b Basic colour black (visible) with brown (genetic but not visible)<\/li>\n
        • E\/E B\/b or E\/e B\/b Basic colour black (visible) with brown (genetic but E\/E B\/B or E\/e B\/B Basic colour black visible)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The B gene is dominant over the b gene. Indeed, when a dog is B\/b then it is the B gene that dominates and rules.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • A dog passes on 50% of its DNA to its puppies.<\/li>\n
          • A b\/b dog can only pass on the b gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n
          • A B\/b dog will therefore pass on the B gene or the b gene to its puppies. Brown carrier dog (b).<\/li>\n
          • A B\/B dog can only pass on the B gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            [\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner content_placement=\u201dtop\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

            D locus:<\/h3>\n

            There are two forms of the gene at the D locus: the d gene and the D gene. The d gene codes for diluted colour and the D gene codes for undiluted colour.<\/p>\n

            Possible results:<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • d\/d Diluted colour: Blue, Beige, Sand, Isabella, \u2026<\/li>\n
            • D\/d Visible undiluted colour (but dilution carrier)<\/li>\n
            • D\/D Undiluted colour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              The D gene is dominant over the d gene. Indeed, when a dog is D\/d then it is the D gene that dominates and rules.<\/p>\n

              If the dog has a tan base colour (e\/e The B locus is not involved)<\/p>\n

                \n
              • d\/d Colour Sand (Diluted Fawn), \u2026<\/li>\n
              • D\/d Visible tan colour (but dilution carrier)<\/li>\n
              • D\/D Tan colour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                If the dog\u2019s basic colour is brown or chocolate (E\/E b\/b or E\/e b\/b):<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • d\/d Beige, Isabelle (diluted brown), \u2026<\/li>\n
                • D\/d Visible brown colour (but dilution carrier)<\/li>\n
                • D\/D Brown colour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  If the dog\u2019s basic colour is black (E\/E B\/B or E\/e B\/B or E\/E B\/b or E\/e B\/b):<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • d\/d Colour Blue (diluted black), \u2026<\/li>\n
                  • D\/d Colour black (but dilution carrier)<\/li>\n
                  • D\/D Black colour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      \n
                    • A dog passes on 50% of its DNA to its puppies.<\/li>\n
                    • A d\/d dog can only pass on the d gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n
                    • A D\/d dog will therefore pass on the D gene or the d gene to its puppies. Dilution carrier dog (d).<\/li>\n
                    • A D\/D dog can only pass on the D gene to its puppies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                      K locus:<\/h3>\n

                      There are three forms of gene at the K locus: the K gene, the Kbr<\/sup> gene and the Ky<\/sup> gene. The K gene does not change the colour of the dog, the Kbr<\/sup> gene codes for brindle colour and the Ky<\/sup> gene allows expression of the A locus.<\/p>\n

                      Dominance rule : gene K > gene Kbr<\/sup> > gene Ky<\/sup><\/p>\n

                      Possible results:<\/span><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • K\/K ou K\/Kbr<\/sup> ou K\/Ky<\/sup> : No effect on dog colour, blocks expression of the A locus.<\/li>\n
                      • Kbr<\/sup>\/Kbr<\/sup> ou Kbr<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup> : Brindle colour, the A locus can be expressed<\/li>\n
                      • Ky<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup> : the A locus can be expressed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                          \n
                        • A dog passes on 50% of its DNA to its puppies.<\/li>\n
                        • A K\/K dog can only pass on the K gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n
                        • A K\/Kbr<\/sup> dog will therefore pass on the K gene or the Kbr<\/sup> gene to its puppies. Brindle carrier dog (Kbr<\/sup>).<\/li>\n
                        • A K\/Ky<\/sup> dog will therefore pass on the K or Ky<\/sup> gene to its puppies. Dog carrier of Ky<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            \n
                          • Kbr<\/sup>\/Kbr<\/sup> dog can only pass on the Kbr<\/sup> gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n
                          • Kbr<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup> dog wil therefore pass on the Kbr<\/sup> gene or the Ky<\/sup> gene to its puppies. Brindle dog carrying Ky<\/sup>.<\/li>\n
                          • A Ky<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup> dog can only pass on the Ky<\/sup> gene to its puppies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner content_placement=\u201dtop\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                            \n
                            \n
                            \n

                            Em locus :<\/h3>\n

                            The Em locus enables the mask to be expressed in many breeds of dog. The Em<\/sup> gene is dominant. If one copy of this gene is present, the dog will have a mask.
                            \nIf the dog has only one copy, it will statistically pass on the gene to 50% of its offspring.
                            \nIf the dog has two copies of the gene, it will systematically pass on one copy of the Em gene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                            [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                            A locus :<\/h3>\n

                            Locus A is expressed only if locus K is K.y<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup> or Kbr<\/sup>\/Kbr<\/sup> or Kbr<\/sup>\/Ky<\/sup>. There are three common forms of the gene at locus A: the Ay gene, the at gene
                            \nand the a gene.<\/p>\n

                            The Ay gene codes for black colouring.
                            \nThe at gene codes for tricolour or fawn markings.
                            \nThe a gene does not alter the dog\u2019s colour.<\/p>\n

                            Dominance rule : A gene > ay<\/sup> gene> at<\/sup> gene > a gene<\/p>\n

                            Possible results:<\/span><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Ay<\/sup>\/Ay<\/sup> or Ay<\/sup>\/at<\/sup> or Ay<\/sup>\/a : Charcoal colour,<\/li>\n
                            • at<\/sup>\/at<\/sup> or at<\/sup>\/a : Marked tan, bicolore or tricolore,<\/li>\n
                            • a\/a : No effect on dog colour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              A dog passes on 50% of its DNA to its puppies.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • An Ay<\/sup>\/Ay<\/sup> dog can only pass the Ay<\/sup> gene to its puppies. charcoal dog.<\/li>\n
                              • An Ay<\/sup>\/at<\/sup> dog will therefore pass on the Ay<\/sup> gene or at<\/sup> gene to its puppies. Charcoal hound carrying fire markings (at<\/sup>).<\/li>\n
                              • An Ay<\/sup>\/a dog will pass the Ay<\/sup> gene or the a gene to its puppies. Charcoal dog carrying the recessive gene a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                  \n
                                • An at<\/sup>\/at<\/sup> dog can only pass the at<\/sup> gene to its puppies. Dog marked by fire.<\/li>\n
                                • An at<\/sup>\/a dog will pass the at<\/sup> gene or the a gene to its puppies. Fire-marked dog carrying recessive gene a.<\/li>\n
                                • An a\/ a dog can only pass on the a gene to its puppies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                  reference : G\u00e9nindexe.com<\/p>\n

                                  [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d2rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_btn title=\u201dgenetique\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-dog\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genindexe.com%2Factivites%2Fchiens%2F|title:genetique|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-couleurmerle\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                  3 \u2013 The marble colour<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                  [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_row_inner content_placement=\u201dmiddle\u201d gap=\u201d3\u2033 el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201d7154\u2033 img_size=\u201dlarge\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                  There are two different varieties of the marble coat:<\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Blue marble:<\/strong><\/span> This coat has a predominantly blue ground colour, i.e. a mixture of black and white hairs and black spots. These spots can be small or very large and look like patches.<\/li>\n
                                  • Red marble<\/strong><\/span>: this type of merle dress has a wide range of colour variations. In this case, the dominant blue colour is replaced by a dominant liver colour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    In general, the majority of dogs that wear a marble coat have blue or minnow eyes, i.e. two different colours.<\/p>\n

                                    Dogs with a merle-type coat can be bred with breeds of other coat colours.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                    Remember that you should never mate two carriers of the marble gene<\/strong>.<\/h3>\n

                                    They will give birth to double-marble puppies. It is important to know that the children will have a very high risk of developing blindness, deafness and malformations. The risk of mortality is high.<\/p>\n

                                    The SCC (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Centrale Canine) banned these unions in 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    Animal Welfare Act: \u201cMating a marble with a marble is breeding under torture and is prohibited\u201d.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]It should be noted that some dogs carry the marble gene, but their coat colour does not show it, which is the famous \u201chidden coat\u201d. These are known as cryptic merle dogs or ghost marble dogs. They carry the McMc or MMc genotype.<\/p>\n

                                    However, if these dogs breed with other marble or cryptic marble dogs, they are likely to produce puppies that are blind, deaf and\/or malformed in the same way.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                    What is it?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                    Merle is a coat colour in dogs that is characterised by a dominant hue and diluted patches that blend in with the normal melanin. This characteristic is genetic and manifests itself from the birth of the puppies.<\/p>\n

                                    Thus, a dog whose coat is not marble coloured, and therefore not carrying this gene, will be of genotype mm.<\/p>\n

                                    In comparison, a dog with a marble coloured coat will have an Mm or mMc genotype.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                    What genetic statuses are possible?<\/h3>\n

                                    There are 6 possible genetic statuses in dogs:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • The mm genotype or no-marble carrier<\/span>: the dog has two normal copies of the SILV gene and therefore does not carry the marble coat.<\/li>\n
                                    • The mMc or cryptic marble carrier genotype<\/span>: in this case, the dog has one normal and one hidden marble copy of the SILV gene. It therefore does not carry the blackbird colour, but it has a 50% chance of passing it on to its offspring, whether in a hidden version or not.<\/li>\n
                                    • The McMc or cryptic marble homozygote genotype<\/span>: the dog has two hidden marble copies of the SILV gene. He therefore does not wear the marble coat, but he will pass it on 100% to his descendants, in a hidden version or not.<\/li>\n
                                    • The MMc genotype or cryptic marble carrier:<\/span> the dog has one marble and one hidden marble copy of the gene. Thus, he wears the merle coat and has more than a 50% chance of passing on one or other of the marble coats to his offspring, in a hidden or unseen version.<\/li>\n
                                    • The Mm or heterozygous marble genotype<\/span>: this dog has one normal and one marble copy of the gene. It carries the marble colour and can pass on the marble coat to 50% of its offspring.<\/li>\n
                                    • MM genotype or homozygous marble or double marble<\/span>: in this case, the dog has two marble copies of the SILV gene. He is therefore a marble, with a large dominant white colour, and has a high risk of suffering from hearing and eye problems. It passes on its coat and disorders to 100% of its offspring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-directivesmariages\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      III -Colour Matching Guidelines<\/h2>\n

                                      \u00a0<\/p>\n

                                      In application of the modification of the standard published on 13\/12\/2019, established by the German Club and validated by the ICF<\/span>, it seems necessary to bring the following clarifications:<\/p>\n

                                      \u2022 Removal of the previous tolerance for inter-variety mating.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Consequently, a dwarf must be mated to a dwarf; a small to a small; a medium to a medium.<\/p>\n

                                      The Gris-loup and Blanche varieties<\/span>, because of their low number of animals, may be granted an exceptional and non-renewable<\/span> derogation linked to the size of the breeding stock, on reasoned request<\/span> to the President of the Breed Club.<\/p>\n

                                      This application shall be accompanied by the provision of SCC-registered DNA from both sires.<\/p>\n

                                      \u00a0<\/p>\n

                                      \u2022 For each of the varieties<\/span>: dwarf, small or medium, the applicable rules of unions between colours are exclusively the following:<\/p>\n

                                      o White with White<\/p>\n

                                      o Black or Brown with Black or Brown<\/p>\n

                                      o Orange, Charcoal Orange, Sand, Charcoal Sand, Mottled, Black and Tan can be paired together.<\/p>\n

                                      Important note: Wolf-grey dogs should be mated with each other or with a sable or charcoal sable<\/span>; they should not be mated with a dog of any other colour<\/span>! (charcoal orange or not, variegated, black and tan).[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      reference : centrale.canine<\/p>\n

                                      Published 28\/02\/2021<\/span> \u2013<\/span>Updated 28\/02\/2021<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d2rem\u201d][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_btn title=\u201dcolour matching\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_type=\u201dpixelicons\u201d i_icon_pixelicons=\u201dvc_pixel_icon vc_pixel_icon-heart\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrale-canine.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-02%2FDirectives%2520Mariage%2520Couleurs-converti.pdf|title:mariagedescouleurs|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-modulecentralecanine\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      IV \u2013 Going further<\/h2>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      1 \u2013 Learn about genetics with Centrale Canine<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      modules e-learning<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
                                      \n

                                      It\u2019s an illustrated video lesson, about 5 minutes long, and all you have to do is click on the link to watch it.<\/p>\n

                                      These modules have been developed by the Centrale Canine training department with the support of our partner Royal Canin and Wolf Learning.<\/strong><\/span>. The content was written by the Health and Genetic Resources Department (Fleur-Marie Missant and Dr Ambre Jaraud-Courtin), with Pr Marie Abitbol, professor of genetics at VetAgroSup, and member of the SCC\u2019s Scientific Committee.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]The first module prepares you for the following 3 modules, which will explore the genetic determinism of coat colour.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]The second module of the Centrale Canine e-learning course on coat colours. We take you on a journey to the heart of the dog\u2019s coat to explore the metabolism that produces the different colours of coat: the pigments and their distribution in the different cells involved.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]The third module of the Centrale Canine e-learning course on coat colours. You will discover all the genes that govern the expression of coat colour in dogs, using photos of dogs of different breeds.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]The fourth module in Centrale Canine\u2019s e-learning course on coat colours. You will learn how to use your knowledge of colours to predict the (possible) colours of the puppies in your future litters.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_empty_space height=\u201d18rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dmodule 1- the basics of genetics\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-paw\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrale-canine.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Felearning%2Fmodule-rappels-genetiques%2Findex.html|title:modules-colours|target:%20_blank|\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d5rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dmodule 2 \u2013 hair colour metabolism\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-dog\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrale-canine.fr%2Farticles%2Fe-learning-couleurs-de-robes-2-voyage-au-coeur-du-poil|title:aucoeurrdupoil|target:%20_blank|\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d5rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dmodule 3 \u2013 main genes\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-paw\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrale-canine.fr%2Farticles%2Fe-learning-couleurs-de-robes-3-les-genes-gouvernant-la-couleur|title:genescouleur|target:%20_blank|\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d5rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dmodule 4 \u2013 predict puppy colour\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-dog\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrale-canine.fr%2Farticles%2Fe-learning-couleurs-de-robes-4-predire-la-couleur-des-chiots|title:couleurdeschiots|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033 el_id=\u201dsection-genodog\u201d][vc_column width=\u201d2\/3\u2033][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      2 \u2013 heredity and genetics<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

                                      To find out more about dog genetics, visit the Genodog website.<\/p>\n

                                      To help you better understand the mechanisms that govern heredity and genetic phenomena in the canine species,<\/span><\/strong> veterinary surgeons have produced a series of fact sheets explaining the basics of genetics, the different ways in which hereditary traits are passed on and the theory and practicalities of DNA testing.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]genetique information :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Coat colour, tail length, digestive enzymes and hearing ability are all characteristics determined by the genetic information contained within our dogs\u2019 cells. How are these characters governed? What form does this genetic information take?[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_column_text]different types of heredity :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                                      The colour of a dog\u2019s coat and the length of its muzzle are hereditary traits, inherited from the parents and passed on to the offspring. But these two characteristics, which can be defined as qualitative and quantitative respectively, are not heritable in the same way.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u201d1\/3\u2033][vc_empty_space height=\u201d10rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dgenodog\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-paw\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fgenodog.fr%2Fnotions-genetique%2F|title:genodog|target:%20_blank|\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d10rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dgenetique information\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-dog\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fgenodog.fr%2Fnotions-genetique%2Flinformation-genetique-de-cellule-a-lexpression-dun-gene%2F|title:informationgenetique|target:%20_blank|\u201d][vc_empty_space height=\u201d10rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201ddifferent types of heredity\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-paw\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fgenodog.fr%2Fnotions-genetique%2Fdifferents-types-dheredite%2F|title:differentstypesdheredite|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_id=\u201dsection-envideos\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      videos<\/h1>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-1\u2033][vc_column width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_video link=\u201dhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/3XMQHQePVsc?si=nzuXULA90XW1DU2Q\u201d][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      Video by Maur\u00edcio Braga<\/p>\n

                                      (veterinary surgeon since 1988 and lifelong breeder \u2013 he has practised in France and Brazil, in a career path that can be described as original)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u201d1\/2\u2033][vc_video link=\u201dhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/HOKYLcmN6uI?si=KhSQje4bqi-6P1gi\u201d][vc_column_text]Training presented by Labgenvet<\/p>\n

                                      \u201cThe basics of dog genetics. Whether you are a dog breeder or an animal lover, you will learn many fascinating things about the evolution of breeds, simple genetic diseases, inbreeding, DNA testing, and many other aspects of genetics\u201d.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2 bg-patte-left\u201d][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      To be continued<\/h3>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

                                      What is double-coat?<\/p>\n

                                      How to brush your dog?<\/p>\n

                                      How to protect your dog from the summer heat?<\/p>\n

                                      What are dog moults?<\/p>\n

                                      What foods are good and bad?<\/p>\n

                                      [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201d2rem\u201d][vc_btn title=\u201dGrooming and Nutrition\u201d style=\u201d3d\u201d align=\u201dcenter\u201d i_icon_fontawesome=\u201dfas fa-paw\u201d add_icon=\u201dtrue\u201d link=\u201durl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pomsdelalezardiere.fr%2Fen%2Fgrooming-nutrition%2F|title:Grooming%20and%20Nutrition|target:%20_blank|\u201d][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      [vc_row full_width=\u201dstretch_row_content\u201d el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column][vc_column_text] Genetics \u2013 DNA \u2013 Colour Matches [\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=\u201dbg-color-2\u2033][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201d3rem\u201d][vc_single_image image=\u201d6231\u2033 img_size=\u201dfull\u201d alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d][vc_column_text]\u201d collection of an old engraving of Pomeranian champions in England 100 years ago, entitled \u201cPomeranians of the 20th century\u201d. They are labelled Haughty Winnie and Magpie in first place and Little Ladysmith, Arcadia Page of Kent, Ch Haughty Prince and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":1830,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7264","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","no-thumb"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7264"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10145,"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7264\/revisions\/10145"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pomsdelalezardiere.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}